2.
  -2024
   
  
[    (       ) |
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    74         
2.                 
 -
3.         
4.            ?
 -
5.                  
6.                 
2.
-
7.                    
8.                
  -2024
   
  
[    (       ) |
 :      :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.    74         
:󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾74      
20
            '     
   73
       
    
   ,          
   ?
      , , ,     -    ,
   , -   ,       
2.
            ,  ,   - 
    - , ,   
  ,      ,      
          ""    
          
         : "      ,  


?"
   1992  74     ,  1  1993   
        (ULBs)     
             -     
  
,             
󷆧󷇄󷇇󷇅󷆨󷆩󷆚󷇈󷆛󷇉󷇊󷇋󷆜󷇌󷆝󷇆1.   :         
74
  ,            
         ,    , 
          
  
             IX-A ( 243P  243ZG) 
,              
   
    -     '  
  
        : "      
    
;  ,     "
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾2.         
   -     ,       
    '    -    
        :
1.   -    ,        
      
      

2.   (  )-    ,    
2.
3.  -    ,     (, , )
    : 
         


󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾3.  :      ?
              
       '         

    :
   (SC),    (STs),    
 (     -  )
            ( )  
  ()        
 ,             
 
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾4.    
  5       
      ,   6      
     ,       
  
      ,         
   ,      
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾5.   :    ' 
                ,
  3           
   -      ,  , 
               
  ,   ,       
2.
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾6.   :   '      
            :
           
      -    (SC/ST  )
              
 '        '      
    
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾7.    :    
   ? ,        
,          
    
 :    (SEC)
         
  (  )        
               
 
  
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾8.    :    
    
 -        ,     
  
 ,      (SFCs)  
 5  , SFC        
              

         ,   ,   
    
2.
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾9. 12
:           
      ,   18     
12


   :
 ,  ,   
  , ,  - 
 ,   ,  ,   
-  ,  ,    
, ,        
 ,          
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾10.      
      
 -        
 ,     :
  -           
 
  -  , ,  ,   
  
        
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾11.       
    '           
 
    ,       '   
      -      


󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾   
2.
 
     
    ,  74   
   '         :
     
 -     
       ,     
 ,         ,      

   ,      
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾  
,          
   ,  
  :
    
     
       '    
            
      

 ,    , 74
       
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾
  74              
       
     -  

  ,  ,  -       ' 
            
  12
 
  
,    ,     ,        
    ,         : "
  ,     ,      "
     , 74     
 -    
  -        
2.
2.                 
:󷊆󷊇        
  :  ,   " "    
   ' - ,       
    :  ,       
  
   ,       
    :  ,    (9
-13
)  , 
       (   )   ( 
) , ,            
        
:      ,     
  
      ,    
  


,





-






,






󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛        
 :  ,       
,       
 :  
     

  '   
   : ,    -  '   , 
         
  : ,  ( )     
,        


,






,






       
             
,            
1.  
1687 ,          -    
        ,       
    
   '    ,       
   
2.
2.     (1882)
"   -  "   ,    1882  
 
     :
o -    
o      
o   
  ,          
3. 20
   
  , 1919 (- )     
,   ,    
  , 1935      ,   '
   

,




,



,




















        
  1947   ,       -  

1.   
           40  ,  
   -        
,  ,    '    ,    
2.     (1952)
      
     
 
             ,   

 
3.     (1957)
          
 -    :
o      '
o     '
2.
o    '
 1959         ,   
 
4.    (1977)
-  (   )   
          
5.  
   (1985)     (1986)     
   '  
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭73
 74
   (1992)
  1992  ,       
1. 73
 (    )
   IX  
-     :
o   ()
o   ()
o   ()
   :
o     
o  ,       (  
)
o    
o       
o   (  )   

2. 74
 (    )
   IXA  
  -     
  :
o   (  )
o   (  )
o   (  )
   ,      
2.










-




"


"



󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
   :   '       
  
  :    , , ,   
  
 :       , 
  
:           
 -
      
󽁔󽁕󽁖
      ' 
  
      
 ,   '      ,     
 
󼩺󼩻   
         ,    ,  
-         -       ,   
      ,       
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
             
  
  ,        
  ,         
  ,          ,  
     
 , 73
 74
       

,       
 -       
 
                ,   
  
2.
 -
3.         
:   
 

         
      
 , -    ,    ,   
,   ,         
  , 
        ,      :    
 ?
       ,     
     
     ,        ,   
   ,        
    '          
 
     ,       ,     

  -  
  
     ?
     '     (IAS)   ,  
                
               , 
       
        
 

         ,     
   ,            
  
   
   -        ,  
 
              
2.
1.       
             
  
    :    
         
,     ,        
:    , ,  ,     
    
  :    
          
 ,        
 
   ,  -       , "  

,                 
  "
2.      
  
 -  ,         
         
 
 , , ,         - 
  
   
            
,        
            

  ,         ,   
     
3.     
            
       
 ,  
  
 
    (  , ,     -19) , 
 ,  ,        
2.
  ,          
 
,       ,        
    
4.      
      
 ,         
        
  ,  ,  ,       
  
 
      ,      
 -  ,  ,         
  
  ,     ,   
       
  '     
5.      
       '  ,      
       
 ,  ,         
      ,      
 
,     ,       
   
,       ,   
        
  
6.     
       , ,  ,  , 
    ,    
2.
      ,      , 
    
   
    ,      
              
        
 ,    '  
7.     
    , ,      
  
     
       

 ,          
 -  ,         
 
,      
 ,        '
     
8.        
       
,   ,   
       
        
        
 
   ,   - ,    
    
 
         
 
   
      ,        
 
:
     
              
2.
   ,   -, ,     
    
            
 ,                
      
    (   )
     , 
         :
             
 
 ,          ,    
       
   '  
       -    
     
 ,         ,    
          
 ,        ,       
 '  ,           
     ,           
 

      
;          
         -      ,    
    ,            
   ,    ,        
  
     ,         ,  
      ,   
      

    ,      
 ,         
,    
            ,    
 
2.
4.            ?
:󷊆󷊇     
       -   
  
     (     ),     
 - , , ,     -    
 
1992  74          ,  
          
󷆧󷩕󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷩖󷆛󷩗󷩘󷩙󷆜󷩚󷆝󷇆             |
1.    
1992  ,          ' 

74
     ,       
 
       IXA  -   
  
2.          
        ',      :
  :       
  (  ):       
 :        
    
           
3.   
       '         
      
      ,    
(-  )   
   /   ,       

2.
     
          
 
4.         
     ,        
   
  ,             
    
      -    

5.       
        ,    '   
   :
   :
o   
o    
o    
o    
o    
o  
  :
o ,   
o    
o  
o    
 ,             
 
6.  
    ( ,  ,   , ) 
   
      --   
               
          
        ,   ,  
         
7.      
2.
      ,      
   
               ,
         
    
         
8.   
   (10    ) ,   
  
           
   
 ,         ,    
     
9.   
       ,      
     
     '    
 
10.     
74
   ,        
  
       ()     
  '            , 
        
11.     
            
      ,        
       
 
12.        
        
 -   ,
,       
     ,      ,  
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
2.
 :    
 
 :      '   ,     
  
 :     '     
:    '      
 
  :         ,  
       
󼩺󼩻   
           ,   
 ,                
,   
,      
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
      -  ,  ,  ,
 ,     -        
 
 
     
         : 
    ,      ,       
  74           
   
  
 ,       
 -     
                  
      
 -
5.                  
:                 |
  :      
                  
  ,      ,          
    '    : "  "
2.
       
 -         
,  ,   ,   ,       
             ,   
         
   ,     ,
        ,       
 
    -           , 
     ,      ,       
    
       
   
     ,     
     ?
""     ,    , 
   ',   
            - 
  -     ,       
 
 
  ,      -     
        :
      
     
  '   
,     ,   '    ,  
    -     ,      '  
     
   -  
  ,  -       ,    

     -  '   :
1.     ( )
2.    (  )
3.   ( )
2.
     -- 
1.     -      

'   ,    '     
     ,
      
 :       '      ,   ' 
         ,        
  ,        
:           :
o      
o       
o        
o ,      
o  ( )     
   :         ,    -   
       -        , 
   ,         
 ,         
 ,   
     
2.    -   
      
 ,      '   
 :            ,   
           
:        
   
  :
o        
o ,      
o          
o   
      
   :       ,     
 -         
2.
3.   -  
   '   ,     '   
 :      ,   (),    
(),             

:              
    :
o  ,      -  
 
o      
o  ,         

o         
 ,     
            
 
                 |
  
  ,         
   :
1.     ( ,  ,  ) ' 
       
     ,   

2. -  -      (1957)     
  ,   ,     '    
  
3.          
,     '  
              
  ' 
 
4.       ,   
    
       
 
5.        (  , , 
 ')            
      
6.   -    ,   , ,  
         
2.
7.   (   )  ,     
         ,     '
   
8.       '   ,  '
   ,    '       

       
9.   -       ,     
            
10.      -         
 -         ,   -, 
  
 
          
    
 
 '       
     
    '       '  
 
        
,     
         
 :
      ,  
    
  
       -       
               
  

    '            
  '     
   
   
   ,             
,   -       ,       
   
  
          , 
       -     
 
2.
 :   
 
       '  
 ,       
       
 -       
   
      
       
;      ,  
      
,        -
       -     
    
 -    ,  ,     -     
    
 ,         ,   ,     

,        
6.                 
:󷊆󷊇          
  ,          
  
   
    (1957)  -    :
1.      '
2.    ()  '
3.    '
             
           
    " "   -        , 
     
󷩡󷩟󷩠    
      ,      
   
1. 
  :   '       
  :       ()    ( )
   
2.
      :        
   :73
  ,   ,   
 (-  )   
  
         
 
2. 
     (    )   
      
            
3.    
   (BDO)     
    (,  ,  )  
       
 ,     
 ,      
󽁌󽁍󽁎    
        ,         
  ,         
1.    
  ,       
,      
      
 
2.       
,           -  
        
 
3. 
         
       
       
4.   
      
 
         
2.
,   -    
 
5.       
 ( ),  ,  -   
   
-         
6.     
 ,       -  
       
7.    
 ,  ,        

 ,  ,    
 
8.   
           
           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
     :  
       
       
   :    ,   
 
   :  '        


  :    ,    
    
󼩺󼩻   
    
        
          
     -    , 
      
 
  
        '     
    ' 
2.
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
    '     
:    ,        ,  
            
: , , , ,  ,    
  
 :          ,  

             
 ,       
 -    '  
       
         

,       ,   ,   ,     
    
-
7.                    
:               
      ,     '     
      -        ,     
,         ,  -    
    
    ,  ,   
 '    
   -       -       (PRIs) 
     (ULGs)   
    
            
   :     -   ,   
 
            
    ,    '       ,
    ,      '    
     
 
2.
  ,           
  ,    ,      '  
        73
 74
  (1992-93)  
 ,              
   
   '       :      
,         ?    ?  
        , ,    
     
 ,          '     , 
   
         
 -          ,   (,  )
    
            
     '  ,       '   - 
 (),   (),    ()     '
      :
1.   
o       
;    
   
o          ,    ,
       (
  
29  )
o                
 
2.  
o      -- '     
  ,    '     ,    
     
 
o         ,   ,     
             
  
 
3.  
o    (    ,  )
        
2.
o      ,        
         
4.  
o   ,   ,      
  ,      '        
 
o          
 ,    "-  "   ,    '
    
           
             ( 
),   (  ),    (  ) 
  ,      :
1.    
o           ,   
 ,        
o             ,   
          
2.   
o    , ,     -
  ,           
 
o    , ,      
     ,   
3.  
o  ,          
       ,     
(   )  '   
o            
 
4.    
o            
          
o ,            ,
            
 ,         ,     
       
2.
      
  ',    :      
?    
 
     :
   :     
    
   -      , -  
   
 :              
             
    :    ,    
          
 
 : ,             
     -     

 
      
 ,     
        :
   :      -  
          ,   
   
?
   :         ' 
 ,       
   :          
           
  :    ,      
    
 
    
, 
      ?    '     
,    , ,        
,      '      
2.
  " "  -      ' 
     ,          
,    

             
    
 ,  '       
,    
              
          -       
         
 ,         
,     -   
               , 
          ,   
,       
8.                
:󷊆󷊇      :    
  :   (LGIs)       ,  
       
 :
o :   ( ,  ,  )
o : ,  ,  
 :     - , , , ,  ,
 ,   
  :73
 74
 (1992)     , ,
     
 , LGI "  " ,    '     '  
󷩡󷩟󷩠  :      
  :         ()  
   ,         
:
o   
o      
2.
o    
o    
 :  ,   ,     
        
    " " ,    
      
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼             
     :    -  ,   -   
 ?
1.    
LGI       
     
 
  ,    
    -    
 

:  
     ,    ,  
   ,        ,   
       
2.     
   ():  ,    
        
          
  
     (    )   ( 
)    
3.     
    :   ,   ,   
 
  : ,      

: (  ) ,     
     
 ,         
 
 
4.  
2.
LGI         '   ,   
 
  
        
     
           ,   
  
 
5.         
             
   (   ),      
   ,       
    
       
6.      
   ,      '    
       
 ,           
 ,       
,     
 
7.     
 ,              
,          
             
     
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶   
1.   :       
 ,  
        
 
2.   :         
3.  :       ;     
   ,      
 
4.  :    ;     

5. :    '      

,       
       
󼩺󼩻   
    
2.
               
     -  ,  ,  
       ,   
   
  ,         
  ,      
   ,  
    ,     
     
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
        ,   
  
LGI   '    ,      

      
 ,  ,   
  
 
      
 -       -   ,
      
 ,     
         
 
 
                ,
       ,        ,    
         
       :   ,  ,   
  
"                  

          ,           "